One Of The Most Prevalent Health - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2461 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Health Essay Level High school Topics: Diabetes Essay Did you like this example? Â  Abstract Type 2 diabetes is one of the most prevalent health complications in the United States, affecting over 20 million citizens and costing billions of dollars. As a result of this disease being one of the leading causes of death in the United States, it has forced millions of people to be hospitalized. Type 2 diabetes is common among people who are obese, have high fat diets, and fail to exercise. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "One Of The Most Prevalent Health" essay for you Create order The disease occurs due to inefficient usage and production of insulin and beta cell dysfunction. Glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity are both contributing factors to impaired function of beta cells and beta cell turnover. When tested, saturated fats had detrimental effects on insulin sensitivity and beta cell function, whereas monounsaturated fats prompted beta cell proliferation and increased insulin sensitivity. In the test meals with saturated fats, the insulin sensitivity decreased and beta cell function decreased. Diets containing high amounts of saturated fatty acids significantly increases ones risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Introduction The study of the structural elements of fatty acids and their impact on the human body is one of the most enigmatic, yet critical research fields in nutrition. It is essential to have fat in ones diet in order to assist the bodys ability to absorb fat soluble vitamins and go through vital processes such as membrane synthesis, protein and carbohydrate modification, construct structural elements in cells, and produce signaling compounds. Although fats play a critical role in ones health, certain fats can be detrimental to the body, leading to beta cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, obesity, and chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes. The development of type 2 diabetes is an extremely prominent health issue for citizens of the United States; it is a chronic issue in which the body is unable to use the available insulin it produces efficiently. Insulin is an essential hormone produced by pancreatic islets that help the body use digested food for its metabolic needs. Approximately 23.1 million people in the United States are diagnosed with diabetes, costing over 245 billion dollars annually [4]. Saturated Fats What are saturated fats and where can they be found in our diets? From a chemical standpoint, Saturated fats are fats that are solid at room temperature and do not contain double bonds between their carbon molecules. This is because they are saturated with hydrogen molecules. High concentrations of saturated fatty acids are primarily found in animal products, however, a few plant products also contain them. Suggesting that these fats can be detrimental to ones health, the biggest sources of these fats that cause a concern for citizen in the United States include but are not limited to, pizza, cheese, milk, butter, dairy desserts, meat products, cookies, and fast food dishes. Monounsaturated Fats What are monounsaturated fats and where can they be found in our diet? In contrast to saturated fats, monounsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and contain fat molecules that have one unsaturated carbon bond, also called a double bond. Consumption of these fats can be good for ones health as they lower LDL cholesterol, which is a waxy substance that can evoke blockage in arteries. As a result of keeping LDL cholesterol low, it immensely reduced ones risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Monounsaturated fats are typically associated with several health benefits and are considered good or beneficial fats; they have the ability to improve blood cholesterol levels, ease inflammation, stabilize heart rhythms [11]. High concentration of these fats can be found in plant based foods such as olive, peanut, and canola oils, avocados, nuts, and seeds. Beta Cells What are Beta cells and their importance to the body? Beta cells are a type of cell that are found in pancreatic islets, and carry a vital role in the body. The main role of beta cells is to produce and secrete a hormone called insulin, which is responsible for the regulation of glucose in blood. Beta cells quickly respond to changes in blood glucose concentrations by secreting and producing insulin. When the glucose concentration outside of the cell is high, the glucose enters the cell through facilitated diffusion. After entering the beta cell through glucose transporters, the glucose is phosphorylated as shown in the figure below. Glycolytic flux and tricaboxylic acid cycle activity both increase, resulting in an increase of ATP production in the mitochondria; as the ATP to ADP ratio increases due to metabolism of glucose, ATP sensitive potassium ion channels close, inhibiting the diffusion of potassium out of the cell. The accumulation of potassium ions causes the membrane to have a more positive charge, opening voltage gated channels, allowing calcium to enter the cell. As a result of the calcium ions entering the cell, vesicles that contain insulin fuse with the membrane, inducing secretion of insulin through exocytosis. It is critical for beta cells to function properly and release insulin so the body has access to the chemical when it is needed. Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body acquires a greater blood glucose level than normal, also called hyperglycemia. People with type 2 diabetes fail to use their insulin properly. Insulin is a vital hormone that helps cells turn glucose from food into energy. in early stages, the pancreas produces higher amounts of insulin, however, over time it cannot keep up. As a result, it cannot make enough insulin to keep blood glucose at a normal level. People who are overweight and do not exercise regularly are at a significantly higher risk of developing diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can inflict numerous health issues, which is why it is important to know its symptoms. Some symptoms of type 2 diabetes include increased thirst and hunger, dry mouth, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss or weight gain, headaches, decreased or blurred vision, fatigue, numbness, and in rare occasions, loss of consciousness. According to studies, 8.6% or 21 million adults were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in 2016 in the United States [8]. Type 2 diabetes can be extremely dangerous to ones health and in some cases puts people in the hospital. 7.2 million hospital discharges were reported in 2014 for people with diabetes [1]. 1.5 million of them suffered from cardiovascular diseases, 108,000 had to have lower extremity amputations, and 168,000 suffered from diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes is the 7th leading cause for death in the United States in 2015, after 252,806 death certificates declared diabetes as the underlying cause of death [1]. In addition to its alarming health consequences, type 2 diabetes is costly. The 2012 estimated cost of diabetes in the United States was 245 billion dollars, and the individual medical expenditures for people diagnosed with diabetes were about 13,700 dollars per year [1]. Saturated and Monounsaturated fats and their influence on beta-cell function According to several researches, strong evidence proves that saturated fatty acids are frequently linked to apoptosis and reduced proliferation of beta cells, whereas monounsaturated fats may counteract this effect. Many of these studies associate saturated fats to insulin secretion dysfunction and the frequency of diabetes 2, however, it is unclear how much unsaturated fats influence the postprandial control of insulin secretion and resistance, even in healthy subjects [10]. In a study by The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the mean plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and FFA concentrations were measured in an SFA meal, MUFA meal, HPSO meal, VEFO meal, and a control meal (shown in figure 1). While the glucose levels were similar for all of the meals, there was a significant difference of the AUC for insulin, triglycerides, and FFA between the control meal and the high-fat meals. In addition to testing the plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and FFA concentrations in separate meals, they gathered data on postprandial beta cell function and insulin sensitivity. The research showed that the subjects proportionally became more insulin resistant as the meals went from concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (VEFOROOHPSOSFA). As the table above confirms, monounsaturated fat meals were shown to make the subjects more insulin sensitive than the saturated fat meals. When compared with MUFAs, [the] data showed that SFAs dramatically decreased postprandial insulin sensitivity toward blood FFAs, ie, they reduce postprandial ISI(FFA)GTTTM, which suggests that lower ratios of MUFAs to SFAs in dietary fats could profoundly affect the antilipolytic action of insulin [10]. Thus, the ratio of monounsaturated fats to saturated fats suggest that postprandial metabolism of saturated fats may be linked to dysfunction of beta cells, which is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes. Numerous studies demonstrate that saturated fats lead to beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance, preceding the development of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes. The development of type 2 diabetes typically occurs as a response of insufficient diets and lack of physical activity in people who have predispositions in beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. In insulin-resistant states, pancreatic islets usually respond by increasing insulin secretion to maintain normoglycemia, a process termed cell compensation [9]. This process includes the expansion of beta cell mass, an increase of insulin biosynthesis, and enhancement of nutrient secretion coupling processes with increased sensitivity to glucose, FFAs, and GLP-1 stimuli [9]. One of their studies proved that due to the altered metabolic signaling network and accumulation of toxic lipids, inadequate beta cell compensation [resulted] in onset of mild hyperglycemia at 8-9 weeks of age in the ZDF rat, resulting in severe beta cell failure. In their studies of glucolipotoxicity, saturated fats were cytotoxic, whereas monounsaturated fats were protective. Monounsaturated fats more effectively promote TG/FFA cycling; unlike saturated fats, monounsaturated fats do not cause the accumulation of ceramides or deplete mitochondrial cardiolipin levels, which are both processes that are linked to cytotoxicity [9]. The Process of Beta Cell Turnover The first step in the process of beta cell turnover is a through the overproducing of insulin. When beta cells are exposed to an excess amount of glucose or saturated fatty acids for an extended period of time, the pancreas produces an excess amount of insulin. Consequently, this over producing induces the beta cells into a state of cellular stress, decreasing the degree of insulin sensitivity (Figure 3). Next, the production of insulin can no longer continue to increase, therefore the insulin production is maximized. At this point in the process, the pancreatic beta cells are no longer able to produce insulin. After the immense stress of producing more insulin that physiologically normal for a beta cell over a long period of time, the stressed beta cells begin to die off, also known as beta cell turnover (Figure 4). The Role of Beta Cell Turnover in Type 2 Diabetes Ultimately compounded by low insulin sensitivity, beta cell dysfunction is a critical determinant for type 2 diabetes. People who suffer from type 2 diabetes become resistant to its insulin, and in response, their beta cells compensate by producing a larger amount of insulin. When this occurs over a long period of time, the beta cells wear out, also referred to as beta cell turnover. Discussion An immense amount of scientific research supports the fact that a high saturated fat diet is the most effective method of causing beta cell turnover and insulin resistance. As shown earlier, data clearly shows that saturated fatty acids have a negative effect on insulin sensitivity, whereas monounsaturated fats have a positive impact. Beta cells are extremely important for the human body because if insulin was not produced, glucose would accumulate in blood, causing inflammation in tissues, and could eventually lead to severe metabolic problems, organ failure and death. When beta cell are exposed to high saturated fat concentrations for a long period of time, their self defense mechanisms can no longer protect them from dysfunction. Beta cell insulin production depends on several factors. Some of these factors include fat and glucose concentrations, and the amount of time they are exposed to high levels of these concentrations. In these high concentrations, the pancreas produces an excess amount of insulin in attempt to combat the issue. Beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are both linked to hyperglycemia, which is characterized by type 2 diabetes. Conclusion In conclusion, diets containing saturated fatty acids have a negative impact on insulin secretion and resistance. Data showed that meals with saturated fatty acids compared to monounsaturated meals significantly decreased insulin sensitivity and increased insulin resistance. Beta cells are particularly sensitive to these diets. Beta cell failure occurs when islets are unable to sustain the compensation for insulin resistance from the high accumulation of glucose in blood. The process of beta cell dysfunction and death is progressive; after hyperglycemia is established, the beta cells functionality begins to deteriorate and beta cell mass decreases due to apoptosis. In contrast, diets with monounsaturated fats had the opposite effect, stimulating beta cell proliferation. The ratio of monounsaturated fats to saturated fats in the data is useful while designing a diet to reduce postprandial insulin concentrations. Excessive intake of these fatty acids can eventually lead to type 2 diabetes, the most common form of diabetes. When improperly managed, the disease can lead to numerous health problems including heart disease, blindness, nerve damage, kidney disease, amputations, and in severe cases, death. Small changes in ones lifestyle and diet can make an immense impact on their life, greatly reducing risk of getting type 2 diabetes and other chronic diseases. Therefore, it is critical to make necessary adjustments in ones lifestyle to prevent the development of this disease. References [1] American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S11-S24. [2] Asif, M. (2014). The prevention and control the type-2 diabetes by changing lifestyle and dietary pattern. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 3, 1. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.127541 [3] Cerf, M. E. (2013, March 10). Beta Cell Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2013.00037/full [4] Current Burden of Diabetes in the U.S. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/communication-programs/ndep/health-professionals/practice-transformation-physicians-health-care-teams/why-transform/current-burden-diabetes-us [5] How Fat Kills Insulin-Producing Beta Cells. (2018, August 11). Retrieved from https://www.masteringdiabetes.org/how-fat-kills-beta-cells/ [6] Maedler, K., Spinas, G., Dyntar, D., Moritz, W., Kaiser, N., Donath, M. Y. (2001, January 01). Distinct Effects of Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on -Cell Turnover and Function. Retrieved from https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/50/1/69.short [7] Maedler, K., Oberholzer, J., Bucher, P., Spinas, G. A., Donath, M. Y. (2003, March 01). Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent the Deleterious Effects of Palmitate and High Glucose on Human Pancreatic -Cell Turnover and Function. Retrieved from https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/52/3/726 [8] Morr, M. (2018, May 31). Diabetes Prevalence by Type in the United States: CDC report. Retrieved from https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/diabetes-resource-center/cdc-report-diabetes-by-type-us-adults/article/760827/ [9] Prentki, M., Nolan, C. J. (2006, July 03). Islet cell failure in type 2 diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.jci.org/articles/view/29103 [10] Sergio, Beatriz, Pacheco, M, Y., Villar, Muriana, JG, F. (2008, September 01). Distinctive postprandial modulation of cell function and insulin sensitivity by dietary fats: Monounsaturated compared with saturated fatty acids. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/88/3/638/4754442 [11] Types of Fat. (2018, July 24). Retrieved from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/types-of-fat/

Similarities And Differences Between A Braxon Tale And A...

In the film, A Bronx Tale, Lorenzo Anello states to his son, â€Å"They want to see you do good, but never better than them†¦remember that†, because of the addition his son was taking from the wrong people. These film’s setting can be identified by the title, the film Chinatown that took place in Los Angeles, but with Chinatown being an important part of the film. Unlike that, A Bronx Tale is clearly in one of the boroughs that make up New York City. It’s easy to tell the differences between these two films, but not as simple to determine the similarities. Much more differences happen to appear between these two films, from character traits to the setting, they’re undoubtedly not the same. As for similarities, they both have characters with life†¦show more content†¦Los Angeles is a desert community†. During the time, Los Angeles was part of the desert, but in the other film, New York has been already in its prime with larger skyscraper s and a more diverse community. Not only that, but even throughout the films, it was noticeable to point out the cultural and architectural differences within the people and buildings portrayed. The way the cities are portrayed in the films truly do change the experience one may have in those cities throughout life because one may expect the cities to be what they want it to be as shown in the films, but in reality won’t experience that because it’s currently two thousand and seventeen and the films were made to give the audience a taste of what 1937 and the 60’s were. As for symbolism, both the films use different techniques with symbols that create and reveal more than what is being shown to the audience. For example, in A Bronx Tale, music is the key symbol for everything. Such as the bus scene when Calogero is talking to his father, who is driving the bus, and can’t help but stare into Jane’s eyes. Before Calogero sees her, upbeat jazz is playi ng from his father’s radio; yet as soon as Calogero sees Jane, the music begins to slow down and make the scene more than what it appears to be. Creating a moment between them that can only be seen by them. The important part of the symbolism in Chinatown is the color of clothing the people wear and the cigarette smoke

Critical Discourse Analysis - 1510 Words

Critical Discourse Analysis Social communication is increasingly becoming a subject of scientists’ discussions from different disciplines, as well as ordinary language users. In contemporary social sciences, especially in linguistics, we see a clear shift to discourse. Discourse allows us to talk about use of the language, as well as the language as a socio-cultural activity. In this sense, discourse, on one hand, reflects the social reality, on the other hand, it shapes it, therefore participate in the creation and pass on different values, ideologies and symbolic power. This essay aims to show the definition of Critical Discourse Analysis and also show how useful it is for exploring issues of power and inequality in relation to gender.†¦show more content†¦As pointed out by van Dijk (1993) one of the key objectives of the Critical Discourse Analysis is also the understanding of the nature of power and domination. 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An introduction to world management science - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the An introduction to world management science. Answer: Introduction: The point of sale system refers to the technology where the consumers carryout the payment regarding the products or services they buy from an organization. It is considered as the collaboration of hardware and software for allowing the vendors for taking transactions and making the everyday business operations easy (Smith 2014). Small and medium organizations are making progress in implementing information system within their environment. The POS system is capable of streamlining business process of SME so they can achieve more than just having flexibility regarding processing daily transaction. The report is consisted of various consequences of implementing POS system in the Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery. The organization is situated in the Colorado. The organization used to have manual processes to manage their business. The report describes advantages and disadvantages of POS system, POS system in gaining competitive advantage, advantage of having centralized database. Advantages and Disadvantages of the New POS System: The biggest advantage of the point of sale system is that business owners of Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery are able to monitor the transactions related to sales in real time and this happens in automated way. The system has enable the organization to eliminate the need of manual procedure in the core sales transactions (Rodrguez 2017). Operating and managing the business has become easy for Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery owners can get crucial information by inputting, monitoring and sharing data. Decision making is a significant part of the business that assist in elaborating the business if properly observed and processed. As the point of sale system in Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery stores accurate data, decision making quality automatically gets better. As the current and accurate inventory related data is available to the owners of Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery, they need not to make assumptions during placing orders (Nikolova and Inman 2015). Gaining compe titive advantage through having all the required data at hand has been possible. The most harmful drawback of the system that has been observed so far is the connection reliability is low. The software modifications are costly and it is not always possible for the organization. Gaining Competitive Advantage through POS System The biggest competitive advantage of Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery is managing inventory in accurate manner. The system has allowed the owners of the organization to handle inventory, flag entities for reorder and evaluating the sales patterns (Lee et al. 2014). The POS system in Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery has been more than a cash register, as it has been processing in the core of sales transactions and allowing the organization to track and share useful data. The accuracy of data is crucial for business to achieve competitive advantage as these data and information is used for decision making process. The decision of taking a new perspective, real costs, offered the opportunity for shifting the production of Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery to more profitable state thus making the business more competitive (Miller et al. 2017). The organization was not able to identify and understand this kind of business opportunity prior to development of POS system. Advantage of Centralized Database: The primary advantage of having a centralized database for Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery is having an improved data preservation process. In case any hardware fault occurs, the fault-tolerance setup in the centralized database is able to handle the situation. Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery is processing on numerous business and consumer related data. In such circumstances, having a secured environment for data is crucial (Eskandari et al. 2016). The centralized database is suitable for developing a security policy and infrastructure that can support the data security needs of the chosen business. The policies will be developed in such way that the possibility of damaging the data by a laptop will be minimal. Another good advantage of centralized database that has helped Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery to grow business is cost reduction in overall price of implementation of database (Kuipers et al. 2016). The maintenance cost of the centralized database is always less than maintaining several small databases. Having redundancy and high quality equipment have made the centralized database able to implement a secure and proper database system in the environment of Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery system. POS System Facilitate Decision Making: Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nurserys business processes are consist of managing business internal activities, managing customer request, generating reports, managing inventory and many more. The POS system allows the organization to have full access to the business process related data and generate patterns for making the improvements in various parts of the business. The activities is always under control of the business owners (Anderson et al. 2015). Tracking the information in effective manner is not possible. The biggest issue with tracking the data through manual process is error in data accuracy. It has been observed in past that Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nurserys manual processes are tend to be full of errors. The organization was running their business in loss or negligible profit while having manual business processes. The questions can be asked by customers, management, inventory employees and few more personnel of Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery. The consumers are tend to have intention of asking questions regarding the status of their delivery or products available (Karpovsky and Galliers 2015). The management can be asking questions related to gaps in the business processes, inventory staff can ask questions about the potential amount of raw materials required to purchase to fulfill customer need for a specific season. The information can be evaluated to identify customer buying patterns, effect of weather on the nursery, inventory assumptions and much more (Bennett 2015). The outcome of the evaluation will allow Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery to have better understanding of business opportunity and constraints. Recommend Telecommunication Options: LAN is the abbreviation of Local Area Network. This can be achieved through wired or wireless network. In case of WAN or wide area network, the coverage area of the network is larger than LAN. The wide area network is the combination of various small network coverage areas connected with each other. MAN or metropolitan refers to a network that is consisted with various network nodes connected with each other (Kokkinos et al. 2016). LAN is the best solution for Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery as this will allow the organization to have it whole network within a secured place from where conducting cybercrime is nearly impossible. The network will be developed using wired and wireless technology both. In case of connecting remote devices like laptop will be connected to Wi-Fi and machines like inventory in/out checking will be connected using RJ-45 cable (Vaquero and Merino 2014). The routers will be connected to each other through mesh topology so that if a router gets damaged then another path can be used for data transfer, results into uninterrupted data flow. Risks That POS System Brings: In terms of security risk, the physical attacks on the system can a harmful situation. Either employees of Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery or an intruder can connect to the network using internal devices like authorized laptops to harm the system. The system can be accessed by the wireless network designed for remote devices. The cybercriminals can access to the network of Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nurserys system if they are able to crack the password of the network (Edelman, Jaffe and Kominers 2016). They can reconfigure the whole network to damage the business process. The hacker can get into the system and steal the personal information of staff and customers. The same way the hackers can get their hands on the business confidential data like customer buying history, generated patterns, information of various deals and much more. Conclusion: From the above report it can be concluded that the system has been able to resolve the main issues of the business. The effect of the system could be seen right after the implementation of the system. The decision making is a significant process of Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nurserys business. The system is a good source of simplifying and increasing the quality of business decision making. The data validation and verification process ensures that only authorized and accurate data is stored into the database. The database is centralized and it allows the system to be secured. Using the LAN will allow the organization to have a secured network. It will be difficult for cybercriminals to hack the system as the whole network will be located into one place. Recommendations: E-Commerce: The organization can develop and integrate an e-commerce website and mobile app within its system. This will allow the organization to attract more customers. The business will be able to expand its business from local area to whole nation. The business will flourish with the new huge customer base. Taking Feedback: The feedback will be taken from end users and customers to identify the areas in which modifications can be done. The feedback will be analyzed and the points directing to a specific modification will be prioritized. Based on the priority, the changes will be done. Having an IT Expert Team: As the organization will not be contracting with any third party organization for their services, the system maintenance will be a hard process. An IT expert team will be able to handle any technical fault within the organization system. Improving Inventory Setup: As the inventory is the core of the business, the organization need to have a proper inventory setup to support business properly. Having barcode reader in the inventory will eliminate the error due to having manual product storage process. References: Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Camm, J.D. and Cochran, J.J., 2015. An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Bennett, E.L., 2015. Legal ivory trade in a corrupt world and its impact on African elephant populations. Conservation Biology, 29(1), pp.54-60. Edelman, B., Jaffe, S. and Kominers, S.D., 2016. To groupon or not to groupon: The profitability of deep discounts. Marketing Letters, 27(1), pp.39-53. Eskandari, S., Clark, J. and Hamou-Lhadj, A., 2016, July. Buy Your Coffee with Bitcoin: Real-World Deployment of a Bitcoin Point of Sale Terminal. 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